Beginning – 603 | Goin’ Back In Time (skipping Congress of Vienna)

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Disclaimer: Notes are not a replacement for doing the required reading, they are only a supplement and I recommend only skimming these notes and always doing the required reading. ALWAYS. I DO NOT always hit every single detail. Also I’m sorry but I CANNOT guarantee an A with these notes lol. Sorry xD.

~Test on Block Day|Block days are switched this week~

Ideology of Conservatism

• Represented ideology, conservatism.
• Edmond Burke Reflections on the Revolutions in France
  • Society was a contract but the state “ought not to be considered nothing but a partnership and agreement”
  • State was a partnership not only between the living but also the dead and not yet born.
  • no generation has the right to destroy this partnership
  • sudden change was unacceptable
• Joseph de Maistre – counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservation
  • restoration of the monarchy
  • only absolute monarchy could “guarantee order in society”

Conservatives

• obedience to political authority
• organized religion was crucial
• hated revolutionary upheavals
• did not accept liberal demands for civil liberties
• tradition was main guide for order
• accepted by hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracies, landowning aristocrats and revived churches both Protestant and Catholic

Conservative Domination

• Concert of Europe – means to maintain new status quo
• Quadruple Alliance Reaffirmed – Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria
  • Renewal of commitment against any attempted restoration of Bonapartist power.
  • Agreed to meet periodically
• Four Congresses held between 1818-1822
• Agreement to withdraw army of occupation from France and invited France to Concert of Europe -> Quintuple Alliance
• 1st Congress – Aix la Chapelle 1818
• 2nd Congress – Troppau Autumn 1820
  • Outbreak of Revolution in Spain and Italy
  • Revolt was against Ferdinand VII and Ferdinand I.
  • Metternich saw revolts as threat to Austrian domination of Italy.
  • Troppau Protocol Issued- States that initiated revolutions that would be a threat to the countries of the Quintuple Alliance would be excluded from the Congress. Members of the Alliance could intervene with their armies to restore legitimate monarchies back to the throne.
  • Britain refused to take part of this protocol, they argued that the congresses and the concert were created mainly to address issues with France, not other countries.
• 3rd Congress – Laibach January 1821
  • Austria, Prussia and Russia authorized the sending of troops to Naples
  • The revolt crushed and Ferdinand I was restored.
• 4th Congress- Verona Oct. 1822
  • Authorization of French invasion of Spain to crush revolt against Ferdinand VIII
  • 1823- restoration of Ferdinand VII
• Concert of Europe failed due to Britain rejecting the Troppau Protocol.

Revolt of Latin America

• Latin America in the hands of Spain and Portugal
• Spanish power was weakened by Napoleon, disintegration of royal power in Argentina (eventually gained independence)
• Venezuela had a bitter struggle for independence, led by Simon Bolivar. He was called the liberator because he freed Colombia and Venezuela.
• Jose de San Martin freed Chile and worked with Bolivar to crush Spanish Army at Lima, Peru.
• Portugal recognized the independence of Britian.
• Basically everyone claimed independence.
• Continental Powers in Europe wanted the restoration of Spanish Control to Latin America.
• British formed joint alliance with the United States to prevent European interference in Latin America.
• President James Monroe acted alone in 1823 issuing the Monroe Doctrine which warned against further Euro. intervention in the New World. But it was all words.
• Action came from the British navy and the Continental Powers (France, Russia, Prussia and Austria) were reluctant to challenge the navy.
• Britain then took control of the economy of Latin America exporting raw materials and importing goods.

Greek Revolt

• intervention (Troppau Protocol) could also work the other way around, the Alliance could also promote revolution if it is in their favor.
• The Greeks wanted independence from the Ottoman Turks.
• The British and French fleet went to Greece to defeat the Ottoman Armada
  • Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire.
  • Treaty of Adrianople – Ended the Russian-Turkish War, received the two provinces of Maldavia and Wallichia. Ottoman Empire also allowed Russia, France, and Britain to decide the fate of Greece; Greece was declared independent.

Conservative Domination: European States

• Rule of the Tories
  • Great Britain was governed by aristocrats.
  • Elections controlled by landed gentry-restricted and unequal
  • Changing population distribution, Industrial Revolution
  • Industrial cities had no reps
  • Boroughs to control seats
  • two political factions…Tories and Whigs
    • Whigs supported by middle class
    • Tory minsters dominated
  • Agricultural prices were falling so Corn Laws were introduced, placing high tariffs on foreign grain
  • Working classes had difficult time
  • protest meetings caused calvary to attack crowds, Peterloo Massacre, 11 people died
  • restriction of public meetings imposed
  • the Tories avoided the demands for election reforms until 1830

Restoration in France

• The Bourbon family was restored
• Louis XVIII accepted the civil codes of Napoleon and the principle of equality before the law
• He was willing to work with the bicameral legislature
  • Chamber of Peers- representatives chosen by king
  • Chamber of Deputies-chosen by electorates restricted to slightly fewer than 10000 wealthy people
• The moderation was opposed by the liberals and ultraroyalilists
• The ultras hoped to return to the Old Order
• Louis XVIII was succeeded by Charles X who gave back land to aristocrats.
• Catholic control over schools was reestablished.
• Soon public outrage pressured the king to compromise in 1827
• Minsteral Responsibility – ministers of the king were responsible to the legislature NOT THE KING!!!
• Charles X then violated his commitment and dissolved the protesting legislature -> back to old order

Intervention in the Italian States and Spain

• Congress of Vienna est. 9 states of Italy
• Much of Italy was under Austrian control
  • governments were reactionary (very conservative, wanted old order)
• Ferdinand VII agreed to observe liberal constitution of 1812
  • elected parliament established called the Cortes
• The king eventually tore up the constitution and dissolved the Cortes and persecuted its members
• Revolution started- King surrendered and promised to restore constitution and Cortes
• Unfortunately the French army intervened using the Troppau Protocol and restored the Spanish Monarchy and its power

Repression in Central Europe

• Metternich had spies everywhere searching for nationalist or liberalist plots
• Vienna settlement recognized existence of 38 sovereign states in the area once known as the Holy Roman Empire.
• Austria and Prussia- two great powers formed Germanic Confederation but had little power. There was no real executive branch, central organ was the federal diet that needed the consent of all member states to pass anything
• Liberals looked to Prussia, Frederick William II imposed some reforms
  • Abolition of serfdom
  • Self government in towns using town councils
  • expansion of schools
  • universal military conscriptions
• Frederick soon became reactionary, however.
• Nationalist movements were limited to professors & students
  • organized Burschenschaften under the slogan “Honor, Liberty, and Fatherland”
• Friedrich Ludwig Jahn organized gymnestic societies, encouraging Germans to pursue heritage
• Soon there were book burnings of books written by conservative authors
• Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 closed Burschenschaften
• Austrian empire was more dynastic
• Metternich feared that liberalism and nationalism would tear apart his empire.

Russia- Autocracy of the Tsars

• divine right monarchy
• Alexander I – raised in enlightenment ideas
• Alexander became reactionary after the defeat of Napoleon, there was arbitrary censorship
• Northern union- favored establishment of constitutional monarchy and abolition of serfdom.
• Nicholas took the throne, the northern union rebelled
  • Military troops loyal to Nicholas crushed the revolt
• Reactionary, strengthened the secret police and bureaucracy
• Nicholas was known as the policeman of Europe

Ideologies of Change

• Liberalism- similar to enlightenment ideals
• Economic liberalism- laissez-faire (hands off the economy from the gov’t)
• Thomas Malthus Essay on Principles of Population
  • Population when unchecked increases at a geometric rate. Food supply increases at a much slower rate
• David Ricardo Principles of Political Economy
  • Increase in population = more workers causing wages to drop (Iron Law of Wages)
• Common Beliefs of Liberals
  • Protection of civil liberties guaranteed by written document (Bill of Rights)
  • Religious toleration
  • constitutional monarchy
  • minsteral responsibility
  • limited suffrage for male landowners
  • little desires for lower classes to vote, NOT DEMOCRATS
  • Stuart Mill On Liberty
    • Freedom of opinion
    • on subjection of women
      • legal subordination of women to men was wrong
      • equal education for women
• Nationalism – awareness of being part of a community that has common institution, traditions, language, and customs
• Each nationality should have own government
• United Germany or United Italy would upset the balance of power
• all nations could be linked together into a broader community of all humanity

Early Socialism

• equality into social conditions
• working for the well-being of others, not just working for self
• utopian socialists wanted to create little communities that had things “perfectly” established. Charles Fourier had these ideas but could not fund them
• Robert Owen…I repeat…Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, transformed the factory town of New Lanark, Scotland into a flourishing community, placing housing near the factories for conveniences and efficiency.
• However, this plan failed in New Harmony, Indiana.
• Louis Blanc The Organization of Work showed that government assistance would solve social problems.
• He created workshops where workers operated the factories but the government financed them. However this was a financial burden that most governments did not want to take.