IMPORTANT VOCAB

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Disclaimer: Notes are not a replacement for doing the required reading, they are only a supplement and I recommend only skimming these notes and always doing the required reading. ALWAYS. DO NOT USE unless you’ve read the chapter. Don’t simply print these out. It would just be like printing wikipedia or sparknotes.

Important Vocabulary

Troppau Protocol – the protocol issued by Metternich that stated that “any country going through a revolution, one that threatens another country will not be members of the European Alliance and will continue to be excluded until the situation is resolved. If there is immediate danger, the Powers, that is the Great Alliance (France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria…Great Britain ditched this protocol), have the right to intervene by sending troops to restore the legitimate monarchies.

Legitimacy – the restoration of the rightful monarchies in countries where revolution has taken place, either by force or peaceful means.

Conservatism – the ideal that traditional ways would lead to peace and that the old order should be restored. Forces of change are unacceptable. Comfortable with status quo. The upper class supported this because they were rich and happy with the situation.

Liberalism – Believed in most of the Enlightenment ideas. Believed that people should have protection of civil freedoms guaranteed by a written document (i.e. Bill of Rights or Declaration of the Rights of Man), religious toleration, constitutional monarchy, peaceful opposition of government, and limited suffrage to males owning a certain amount of property. Supported by the middle class.

Iron Law of Wages – First inspired by Thomas Malthus who said population increased at a faster rate than food supply did. David Ricardo furthered this with his iron law that said as population increases, workers increase, therefore causing wages to decrease.

Minsteral Responsibility – The ministers of the king report to the legislature NOT THE KING.

Nationalism – Awareness of being a part of the community that shares the same traditions, customs, language, and institutions. Supported by students and teachers.

Socialism – The belief that people should be on equal footing, society should not have huge class differences. Human cooperation was better than competition. People should work for each other not against.

Utopian Socialism – The idea of a perfect socialist society where there is virtually no competition.

Robert Owen – The dude that was a British cotton manufacturer. He successfully set up a harmonious community in New Lankard, Scotland, but failed in New Harmony, Indiana.

Louis Blanc – Dude that had the idea of government funded workshops that’d aid people in finding employment.

Louis Philippe – “Citizen King” that took over after Charles X fled to Britain.

Corn Laws – Laws that increased tariffs on foreign grain.

Reform Act – Act that reapportioned the voting districts so that people were being fairly represented. Eliminated boroughs and created new towns and cities.

Poor Law – Law that forced the poor into workhouses with horrible conditions to encourage them to work. This law stated that poverty was a direct result of laziness.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Ruler that took over after the 3^rd French revolution against Louis Philippe.

Frankfurt Assembly – an assembly of well-educated delegates from the middle class that attempted to centralize the German states. This plan did fail on a dispute about whether to include Austria or not.

Why did the revolutions fail?

They succeeded at first because the lower and middle classes worked together to overthrow the government. But after the revolutions, the liberals and the radicals would never see eye to eye and therefore it fell apart.

Romanticism- movement that stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination. Intuition is the ability to obtain knowledge without reason, like a quick and ready insight; kind of like instinct.

• · Johann Wolfgang – The Sorrows of Young Werther – a misunderstood man commits suicide after loving a girl that did not love him.

• · William Wordsworth – Poet that appreciated nature and said science left no room for imagination

• · Mary Shelley – Frankenstein – story about a mad scientist that creates a beast. Implies that the danger of science that occurs when it attempts to conquer nature.

• · Eugene Delacroix – Artist: The Death of Sardanapalus – Romantic artist that included exotic colors, historical references, emotion, and imagination.

• Ludwig Van Beethoven – Musician: 3^rd Symphony aka. Eroica– Bridged the gap between classicism and romanticism. Started out with Classical music.

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Beginning – 603 | Goin’ Back In Time (skipping Congress of Vienna)

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Disclaimer: Notes are not a replacement for doing the required reading, they are only a supplement and I recommend only skimming these notes and always doing the required reading. ALWAYS. I DO NOT always hit every single detail. Also I’m sorry but I CANNOT guarantee an A with these notes lol. Sorry xD.

~Test on Block Day|Block days are switched this week~

Ideology of Conservatism

• Represented ideology, conservatism.
• Edmond Burke Reflections on the Revolutions in France
  • Society was a contract but the state “ought not to be considered nothing but a partnership and agreement”
  • State was a partnership not only between the living but also the dead and not yet born.
  • no generation has the right to destroy this partnership
  • sudden change was unacceptable
• Joseph de Maistre – counterrevolutionary and authoritarian conservation
  • restoration of the monarchy
  • only absolute monarchy could “guarantee order in society”

Conservatives

• obedience to political authority
• organized religion was crucial
• hated revolutionary upheavals
• did not accept liberal demands for civil liberties
• tradition was main guide for order
• accepted by hereditary monarchs, government bureaucracies, landowning aristocrats and revived churches both Protestant and Catholic

Conservative Domination

• Concert of Europe – means to maintain new status quo
• Quadruple Alliance Reaffirmed – Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria
  • Renewal of commitment against any attempted restoration of Bonapartist power.
  • Agreed to meet periodically
• Four Congresses held between 1818-1822
• Agreement to withdraw army of occupation from France and invited France to Concert of Europe -> Quintuple Alliance
• 1st Congress – Aix la Chapelle 1818
• 2nd Congress – Troppau Autumn 1820
  • Outbreak of Revolution in Spain and Italy
  • Revolt was against Ferdinand VII and Ferdinand I.
  • Metternich saw revolts as threat to Austrian domination of Italy.
  • Troppau Protocol Issued- States that initiated revolutions that would be a threat to the countries of the Quintuple Alliance would be excluded from the Congress. Members of the Alliance could intervene with their armies to restore legitimate monarchies back to the throne.
  • Britain refused to take part of this protocol, they argued that the congresses and the concert were created mainly to address issues with France, not other countries.
• 3rd Congress – Laibach January 1821
  • Austria, Prussia and Russia authorized the sending of troops to Naples
  • The revolt crushed and Ferdinand I was restored.
• 4th Congress- Verona Oct. 1822
  • Authorization of French invasion of Spain to crush revolt against Ferdinand VIII
  • 1823- restoration of Ferdinand VII
• Concert of Europe failed due to Britain rejecting the Troppau Protocol.

Revolt of Latin America

• Latin America in the hands of Spain and Portugal
• Spanish power was weakened by Napoleon, disintegration of royal power in Argentina (eventually gained independence)
• Venezuela had a bitter struggle for independence, led by Simon Bolivar. He was called the liberator because he freed Colombia and Venezuela.
• Jose de San Martin freed Chile and worked with Bolivar to crush Spanish Army at Lima, Peru.
• Portugal recognized the independence of Britian.
• Basically everyone claimed independence.
• Continental Powers in Europe wanted the restoration of Spanish Control to Latin America.
• British formed joint alliance with the United States to prevent European interference in Latin America.
• President James Monroe acted alone in 1823 issuing the Monroe Doctrine which warned against further Euro. intervention in the New World. But it was all words.
• Action came from the British navy and the Continental Powers (France, Russia, Prussia and Austria) were reluctant to challenge the navy.
• Britain then took control of the economy of Latin America exporting raw materials and importing goods.

Greek Revolt

• intervention (Troppau Protocol) could also work the other way around, the Alliance could also promote revolution if it is in their favor.
• The Greeks wanted independence from the Ottoman Turks.
• The British and French fleet went to Greece to defeat the Ottoman Armada
  • Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire.
  • Treaty of Adrianople – Ended the Russian-Turkish War, received the two provinces of Maldavia and Wallichia. Ottoman Empire also allowed Russia, France, and Britain to decide the fate of Greece; Greece was declared independent.

Conservative Domination: European States

• Rule of the Tories
  • Great Britain was governed by aristocrats.
  • Elections controlled by landed gentry-restricted and unequal
  • Changing population distribution, Industrial Revolution
  • Industrial cities had no reps
  • Boroughs to control seats
  • two political factions…Tories and Whigs
    • Whigs supported by middle class
    • Tory minsters dominated
  • Agricultural prices were falling so Corn Laws were introduced, placing high tariffs on foreign grain
  • Working classes had difficult time
  • protest meetings caused calvary to attack crowds, Peterloo Massacre, 11 people died
  • restriction of public meetings imposed
  • the Tories avoided the demands for election reforms until 1830

Restoration in France

• The Bourbon family was restored
• Louis XVIII accepted the civil codes of Napoleon and the principle of equality before the law
• He was willing to work with the bicameral legislature
  • Chamber of Peers- representatives chosen by king
  • Chamber of Deputies-chosen by electorates restricted to slightly fewer than 10000 wealthy people
• The moderation was opposed by the liberals and ultraroyalilists
• The ultras hoped to return to the Old Order
• Louis XVIII was succeeded by Charles X who gave back land to aristocrats.
• Catholic control over schools was reestablished.
• Soon public outrage pressured the king to compromise in 1827
• Minsteral Responsibility – ministers of the king were responsible to the legislature NOT THE KING!!!
• Charles X then violated his commitment and dissolved the protesting legislature -> back to old order

Intervention in the Italian States and Spain

• Congress of Vienna est. 9 states of Italy
• Much of Italy was under Austrian control
  • governments were reactionary (very conservative, wanted old order)
• Ferdinand VII agreed to observe liberal constitution of 1812
  • elected parliament established called the Cortes
• The king eventually tore up the constitution and dissolved the Cortes and persecuted its members
• Revolution started- King surrendered and promised to restore constitution and Cortes
• Unfortunately the French army intervened using the Troppau Protocol and restored the Spanish Monarchy and its power

Repression in Central Europe

• Metternich had spies everywhere searching for nationalist or liberalist plots
• Vienna settlement recognized existence of 38 sovereign states in the area once known as the Holy Roman Empire.
• Austria and Prussia- two great powers formed Germanic Confederation but had little power. There was no real executive branch, central organ was the federal diet that needed the consent of all member states to pass anything
• Liberals looked to Prussia, Frederick William II imposed some reforms
  • Abolition of serfdom
  • Self government in towns using town councils
  • expansion of schools
  • universal military conscriptions
• Frederick soon became reactionary, however.
• Nationalist movements were limited to professors & students
  • organized Burschenschaften under the slogan “Honor, Liberty, and Fatherland”
• Friedrich Ludwig Jahn organized gymnestic societies, encouraging Germans to pursue heritage
• Soon there were book burnings of books written by conservative authors
• Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 closed Burschenschaften
• Austrian empire was more dynastic
• Metternich feared that liberalism and nationalism would tear apart his empire.

Russia- Autocracy of the Tsars

• divine right monarchy
• Alexander I – raised in enlightenment ideas
• Alexander became reactionary after the defeat of Napoleon, there was arbitrary censorship
• Northern union- favored establishment of constitutional monarchy and abolition of serfdom.
• Nicholas took the throne, the northern union rebelled
  • Military troops loyal to Nicholas crushed the revolt
• Reactionary, strengthened the secret police and bureaucracy
• Nicholas was known as the policeman of Europe

Ideologies of Change

• Liberalism- similar to enlightenment ideals
• Economic liberalism- laissez-faire (hands off the economy from the gov’t)
• Thomas Malthus Essay on Principles of Population
  • Population when unchecked increases at a geometric rate. Food supply increases at a much slower rate
• David Ricardo Principles of Political Economy
  • Increase in population = more workers causing wages to drop (Iron Law of Wages)
• Common Beliefs of Liberals
  • Protection of civil liberties guaranteed by written document (Bill of Rights)
  • Religious toleration
  • constitutional monarchy
  • minsteral responsibility
  • limited suffrage for male landowners
  • little desires for lower classes to vote, NOT DEMOCRATS
  • Stuart Mill On Liberty
    • Freedom of opinion
    • on subjection of women
      • legal subordination of women to men was wrong
      • equal education for women
• Nationalism – awareness of being part of a community that has common institution, traditions, language, and customs
• Each nationality should have own government
• United Germany or United Italy would upset the balance of power
• all nations could be linked together into a broader community of all humanity

Early Socialism

• equality into social conditions
• working for the well-being of others, not just working for self
• utopian socialists wanted to create little communities that had things “perfectly” established. Charles Fourier had these ideas but could not fund them
• Robert Owen…I repeat…Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer, transformed the factory town of New Lanark, Scotland into a flourishing community, placing housing near the factories for conveniences and efficiency.
• However, this plan failed in New Harmony, Indiana.
• Louis Blanc The Organization of Work showed that government assistance would solve social problems.
• He created workshops where workers operated the factories but the government financed them. However this was a financial burden that most governments did not want to take.

Pgs 603-608 | Due 1/16/2007

Tip: To make a comment, either go to the bottom of the post and click the “Comment” link or click on the Title of the post and scroll to the bottom

Disclaimer: Notes are not a replacement for doing the required reading, they are only a supplement and I recommend only skimming these notes and always doing the required reading. ALWAYS. I DO NOT always hit every single detail. Also I’m sorry but I CANNOT guarantee an A with these notes lol. Sorry xD.

~Test on Block Day|Block days are switched this week~

Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: The Mood of Romanticism

• Enlightenment (based on finding the truths of life) was challenged by Romanticism which was the belief that reason should be balanced with feeling, intuition, emotions, and imagination.

The Characteristics of Romanticism (bottom of 603-604)

• Romantic writers emphasized feelings, emotion, and sentiment.
• The Sorrows of the Young Werther by German Writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Werther was a Romantic figure who wanted freedom in order to satisfy himself.
• Werther was always misunderstood by society and believed he could achieve his own worth through inner feelings but his love for a girl that rejected him caused him to kill himself.
• Soon many books about young maidens being taken away from their male lovers by tuberculosis appeared.
• Romanticism also stressed individualism, the unique traits of a person.
• Long hair and beards reinforced the individual traits.
• Romantic Hero (also refer to Smithyman’s HCAII Hero Notes – you need MS Word, WordPerfect, or OpenOffice, etc.)- a solitary genius who was ready to defy the world and sacrifice his life for a great cause.
• In Thomas Carlyle’s works, the hero was not destroyed but instead transformed society.
• Romanticists were also interested with the past. The Grimm brothers published old fairy tales and Hans Christian Andersen followed suit in Denmark.
• Gothic architecture was also reintroduced in the cities.
• Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe described the fight between Saxon and Norman knights. Gothic literature was evident in the works of Edgar Allan Poe and in Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley. Shelley’s book was about a mad scientist that creates a human-like beast.
• Some Romanticists went too far and began pursuing states of experience in dreams, nightmares, suicidal depressions, etc. Or they turned into druggies and experimented with cocaine, opium, and pot.

Romantic Poets and Love of Nature (604)

• Romantic poets were seen as seers that revealed the invisible world to others.
• Percy Bysshe Shelley was expelled from school for advocating atheism. He set out to reform the world. He wrote Prometheus Unbound, which paints a picture of humans revolting against the oppression of laws and customs. He died at sea in a storm.
• Lord Byron described himself as a romantic hero in his work, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He died while fighting in the Greek revolution against the Turks.
• Romantic poetry emphasized nature. William Wordsworth believed nature was a mysterious force that taught a poet; a mirror for humans to look at and learn about themselves.
• Romanticists IDed God as the great force in nature, defying the deist theories of Enlightenment.
• Wordsworth and other Romanticists believed that science and mechanistic materialism reduced nature to a cold boring subject that left no room for imagination.
• In Frankenstein, the monster symbolizes that dangers of science would come if science tried to conquer nature.
• Romantics believed that the industrialization also hindered a person from identifying with his or her inner self.

Romanticism in Art and Music (starting bottom of 605-608)

• Romantics believed that a painting should reflect the artist’s vision of the world. It should be his or her own imagination.
• Beauty was not timeless, it depended on age and culture. Also classical restraint for warmth, emotion, and movement were abandoned.
• Caspar David Friedrich had a lifelong experience with God and nature and painted many landscapes.
• Nature was a manifestation of divine life as shown in the Woman Gazing at the Moon.
• Artist approach depended on a person’s “inner eye”.
• Malford William Turner also was a artist that produced thousands of landscapes. He let his objects “melt into their surroundings”.
• Eugene Delacroix was the most famous French Romantic artist. He was fascinated by colors and the exotic.
• The Death of Sardanapalus (on pg. 607) showed this with the daring use of colors.

Subcategory: Music

• Music was the most Romantic of arts according to Romantics because it enabled the composer to probe deeply into human emotions.
• Although this was the period of Romanticism and the 18th century was the period of Classicism, the elements of classical music did carry over in each century.
• Ludwig van Beethoven served as the bridge from Classicism to Romanticism. His music must reflect his inner feelings.
• Beethoven came from a family of musicians born in Bonn. He studied music briefly under Haydn in Vienna. Soon this was his permanent residence.
• Originally he followed the classicist influences until he wrote Eroica (The Third Symphony) which was written for Napoleon originally. He then broke into romanticism.
• Beethoven was the bridge and many followed him in this romanticism footsteps.
• Symphonic Fantastique by Hector Berloiz used music to evoke passionate emotions of a tortured love affair.

Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism (608-End)

• Enlightenment reduced the religious influences. The restoration of the nobility after revolution restored them. Romanticism then furthered them.
• Catholicism benefited from the enthusiasm for religion by romanticism movements.
• Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand wrote Genius of Christianity which was soon labeled the “Bible of Romanticism”.
• Instead of justifying Catholicism through a theological, historical, or rational standpoint he used Romantic sentiment.
• The cathedrals brought a person right into the presence of God.
• Protestantism was also revived and began earlier in the 18th century with the Methodists and the Pietists in Britain and Germany.
• Methodist missionaries carried their message to liberal Protestant churches in France and Switzerland.
• German preachers also found that messages of hellfire and emotional conversion created a ready response among people that were alienated by the upper level clergy.