IMPORTANT VOCAB

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Disclaimer: Notes are not a replacement for doing the required reading, they are only a supplement and I recommend only skimming these notes and always doing the required reading. ALWAYS. DO NOT USE unless you’ve read the chapter. Don’t simply print these out. It would just be like printing wikipedia or sparknotes.

Important Vocabulary

Troppau Protocol – the protocol issued by Metternich that stated that “any country going through a revolution, one that threatens another country will not be members of the European Alliance and will continue to be excluded until the situation is resolved. If there is immediate danger, the Powers, that is the Great Alliance (France, Prussia, Russia, and Austria…Great Britain ditched this protocol), have the right to intervene by sending troops to restore the legitimate monarchies.

Legitimacy – the restoration of the rightful monarchies in countries where revolution has taken place, either by force or peaceful means.

Conservatism – the ideal that traditional ways would lead to peace and that the old order should be restored. Forces of change are unacceptable. Comfortable with status quo. The upper class supported this because they were rich and happy with the situation.

Liberalism – Believed in most of the Enlightenment ideas. Believed that people should have protection of civil freedoms guaranteed by a written document (i.e. Bill of Rights or Declaration of the Rights of Man), religious toleration, constitutional monarchy, peaceful opposition of government, and limited suffrage to males owning a certain amount of property. Supported by the middle class.

Iron Law of Wages – First inspired by Thomas Malthus who said population increased at a faster rate than food supply did. David Ricardo furthered this with his iron law that said as population increases, workers increase, therefore causing wages to decrease.

Minsteral Responsibility – The ministers of the king report to the legislature NOT THE KING.

Nationalism – Awareness of being a part of the community that shares the same traditions, customs, language, and institutions. Supported by students and teachers.

Socialism – The belief that people should be on equal footing, society should not have huge class differences. Human cooperation was better than competition. People should work for each other not against.

Utopian Socialism – The idea of a perfect socialist society where there is virtually no competition.

Robert Owen – The dude that was a British cotton manufacturer. He successfully set up a harmonious community in New Lankard, Scotland, but failed in New Harmony, Indiana.

Louis Blanc – Dude that had the idea of government funded workshops that’d aid people in finding employment.

Louis Philippe – “Citizen King” that took over after Charles X fled to Britain.

Corn Laws – Laws that increased tariffs on foreign grain.

Reform Act – Act that reapportioned the voting districts so that people were being fairly represented. Eliminated boroughs and created new towns and cities.

Poor Law – Law that forced the poor into workhouses with horrible conditions to encourage them to work. This law stated that poverty was a direct result of laziness.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Ruler that took over after the 3^rd French revolution against Louis Philippe.

Frankfurt Assembly – an assembly of well-educated delegates from the middle class that attempted to centralize the German states. This plan did fail on a dispute about whether to include Austria or not.

Why did the revolutions fail?

They succeeded at first because the lower and middle classes worked together to overthrow the government. But after the revolutions, the liberals and the radicals would never see eye to eye and therefore it fell apart.

Romanticism- movement that stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, and imagination. Intuition is the ability to obtain knowledge without reason, like a quick and ready insight; kind of like instinct.

• · Johann Wolfgang – The Sorrows of Young Werther – a misunderstood man commits suicide after loving a girl that did not love him.

• · William Wordsworth – Poet that appreciated nature and said science left no room for imagination

• · Mary Shelley – Frankenstein – story about a mad scientist that creates a beast. Implies that the danger of science that occurs when it attempts to conquer nature.

• · Eugene Delacroix – Artist: The Death of Sardanapalus – Romantic artist that included exotic colors, historical references, emotion, and imagination.

• Ludwig Van Beethoven – Musician: 3^rd Symphony aka. Eroica– Bridged the gap between classicism and romanticism. Started out with Classical music.

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Pages 593-603 | Due 1/15/2007

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Disclaimer: Notes are not a replacement for doing the required reading, they are only a supplement and I recommend only skimming these notes and always doing the required reading. ALWAYS.

Revolution and Reform

• Forces of change began to break the domination of conservatism.
• 1848- Liberals and nationalists began to think they were nearing a creation of a new order.

Another French Revolution

• Charles X’s elections in 1830 was a victory for the liberals in France
• Charles X then introduced a set of edicts called the July Ordinances
• These ordinances set into place harsh censorship on the press, eliminated the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate size in preparation for new elections. July Revolution was a direct result of the ordinance.
• Temporary government formed by liberals and appealed to Louis Philippe the cousin of Charles X and duke of Orlean, to be the constitutional King. This monarchy was called the “bourgeois monarch” as it drew much support from the upper middle class. Louis Philippe even dressed like the middle class.
• Qualifications of voting were reduced though only significant enough to include only the wealthy to all degrees.
• However, the lower middle class and the less fortunate that helped overthrow Charles X were upset that they didn’t get any slices of the cake.
• French Industrialization created the industrial working class who worked under poor conditions that eventually caused them to resort to violence.
• The legislature – Chamber of Deputies – had different opinions about the bourgeois economy that eventually led to the division of two groups.
• Party of Movement, led by Adolphe Thiers, favored ministeral responsibility, active foreign policy and limited expansion.
• Party of Resistance, led by Francois Guizot, believed everything was perfect and no change was needed. This party ended up being the winner and dominated the legislature.

Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy

• Liberalism prevailed in the July Revolution but nationalism prevailed in three other countries.
• The Congress of Vienna had added the Austrian Netherlands to the Dutch Republic.
• Belgians were not satisfied with the merging of two regions that do not share languages, religion, or culture and their uprising against the Dutch succeeded in persuading the European powers that an individual Belgium state was necessary.
• Leopold of SaxeCoburg was chosen to be the new king of the constitutional monarchy established in Belgium.
• Italy and Poland, however, failed miserably in their revolutionary attempts. Italy was crushed by Metternich’s troops and Poland (thinking France and Britain had her back) was crushed by the Russians and a military dictatorship was established.

Reform in Great Britain

• Whigs were in power by parliamentary election.
• Industrial leaders objected to the corrupt voting system.
• The Whigs eventually introduced the election Reform Act in 1832.
• The 56 boroughs were done away with and reapportioned. The result was 42 new towns and cities named in that process.
• Property qualifications were NOT done away with meaning still only 1/30 people were represented in parliament.
• Aristocrats would attempt to bass bills that abused the industrial system while the industrialists and manufacturers would attempt to fight back with their own bills.
• Poor Law of 1834 – Giving to the poor encourages laziness causing even more poverty.
• The poor were crowded into workhouses with terrible conditions in order to encourage the search for better employment.
• Corn Laws were also repealed reducing tariffs back to reasonable prices therefore reducing the price of grain and bread. Thanks to Richard Cobden and John Bright- Anti-Corn Law League and the persuasion that Robert Peel (a tory) gave to his associates.
• As a result, the reforms were enough to keep revolution away from England. (Click “more…” for the next part of notes)